Neurotoxina

Las neurotoxinas son una clase extensa de sustancias químicas exógenas neurológicamente dañinas^[3] que pueden causar efectos adversos en la función tanto del tejido nervioso en desarrollo como en el maduro.^[4] El término neurotoxina deriva del griego antiguo νευρών (nevron) “nervio” y τοξικόν (toxikon) “toxina”. También puede ser usado para clasificar compuestos endógenos que cuando están presentes en concentraciones anormales pueden convertirse en neurológicamente tóxicos.^[3] Aunque las neurotoxinas suelen ser neurológicamente destructivas, su habilidad para tener como objetivo específico los componentes neurales es importante en el estudio de los sistemas nerviosos.^[5] Ejemplos comunes de neurotoxinas incluyen plomo,^[6] etanol,^[7] glutamato,^[8] óxido nítrico (NO),^[9] toxina botulínica,^[10] toxina tetánica^[11] y tetrodotoxina.^[5]

La actividad de las neurotoxinas puede ser caracterizada por la habilidad de inhibir el control neuronal sobre las concentraciones de iones a través de la membrana celular^[5] o la comunicación entre las neuronas a través de la sinapsis.^[12]

Las patologías locales de la exposición a neurotoxinas suelen incluir excitotoxicidad o apoptosis neuronal,^[13] pero también puede incluir daño de las células gliales.Las manifestaciones macroscópicas de exposición a neurotoxinas pueden incluir daño extendido al sistema nervioso central como retraso mental,^[4] deficiencia de memoria persistente,^[14] epilepsia y demencia.^[15] Adicionalmente, es común el daño del sistema nervioso periférico mediado por neurotoxinas como la neuropatía o la miopatía. Han sido demostrados tratamientos de ayuda frente a los daños causados por neurotoxinas tales como la administración de antioxidantes,^[7] antitoxinas^[16] y etanol.^[17]

↑ Sivonen, K. (1999) «Toxins produced by cyanobacteria.» Vesitalous, 5: 11-18.
↑ Scottish Government Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) in Inland Waters: Assessment and Control of Risks to Public Health. Consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2011.
↑ ^a ^b Spencer PS, Schaumburg HH, Ludolph AC (Eds) (2000) Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1310.
↑ ^a ^b Olney, John W. (2002) "New Insights and New Issues in Developmental Neurotoxicology". NeuroToxicology, 23 (6): 659-68.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Kiernan, Matthew C., Geoffrey K. Isbister, Cindy S.-Y. Lin, David Burke, and Hugh Bostock (2005) "Acute Tetrodotoxin-induced Neurotoxicity after Ingestion of Puffer Fish". Annals of Neurology, 57 (3): 339-48.
↑ Lidsky, Theodore I. (2003) "Lead Neurotoxicity in Children: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Correlates". Brain. 126 (1): 5-19. Online.
↑ ^a ^b Heaton, Marieta Barrow, J. Jean Mitchell, and Michael Paiva (2000) "Amelioration of Ethanol-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Neonatal Rat Central Nervous System by Antioxidant Therapy". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24 (4): 512-18.
↑ Choi, Dennis W (1987) "Ionic Dependence of Glutamate Neurotoxicity". The Journal of Neuroscience, 7 (2): 369-79.
↑ Zhang, J., V. Dawson, T. Dawson, and S. Snyder (1994) "Nitric Oxide Activation of Poly(ADP-ribose) Synthetase in Neurotoxicity". Science, 263 (5147): 687-89.
↑ Rosales, Raymond L., Kimiyoshi Arimura, Satoshi Takenaga, and Mitsuhiro Osame (1996) "Extrafusal and Intrafusal Muscle Effects in Experimental Botulinum Toxin-A Injection". Muscle & Nerve, 19 (4): 488-96.
↑ Simpson, L. L. (1986) "Molecular Pharmacology of Botulinum Toxin and Tetanus Toxin". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 26 (1): 427-53.
↑ Arnon, Stephen S., Robert Schechter, Thomas V. Inglesby, Donald A. Henderson, John G. Bartlett, Michael S. Ascher, Edward Eitzen, Anne D. Fine, Jerome Hauer, Marcelle Layton, Scott Lillibridge, Michael T. Osterholm, Tara O'Toole, Gerald Parker, Trish M. Perl, Philip K. Russell, David L. Swerdlow y Kevin Tonat (2001) "Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon". The Journal of the Americal Medical Association, 285 (8): 1059-069.
↑ Dikranian, K (2001) "Apoptosis in the in Vivo Mammalian Forebrain". Neurobiology of Disease, 8 (3): 359-79.
↑ Jevtovic-Todorovic, Vesna, Richard E. Hartman, Yukitoshi Izumi, Nicholas D. Benshoff, Krikor Dikranian, Charles F. Zorumski, John W. Olney y David F. Wozniak (2003) "Early Exposure to Common Anesthetic Agents Causes Widespread Neurodegeneration in the Developing Rat Brain and Persistent Learning Deficits". The Journal of Neuroscience, 23 (3): 876-82.
↑ Nadler, J. Victor, Bruce W. Perry y Carl W. Cotman (1978) "Intraventricular Kainic Acid Preferentially Destroys Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells". Nature, 271 (5646): 676-77.
↑ Thyagarajan, B., N. Krivitskaya, J. G. Potian, K. Hognason, C. C. Garcia y J. J. McArdle (2009) "Capsaicin Protects Mouse Neuromuscular Junctions from the Neuroparalytic Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin A". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 331 (2): 361-71.
↑ Takadera, Tsuneo, Risa Suzuki y Tetsuro Mohri (1990 "Protection by Ethanol of Cortical Neurons from N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced Neurotoxicity Is Associated with Blocking Calcium Influx". Brain Research, 537(1-2): 109-14.

[1] Sivonen, K. (1999) «Toxins produced by cyanobacteria.» Vesitalous, 5: 11-18.

[2] Scottish Government Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) in Inland Waters: Assessment and Control of Risks to Public Health. Consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2011.

[:0-3] Spencer PS, Schaumburg HH, Ludolph AC (Eds) (2000) Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1310.

[:1-4] Olney, John W. (2002) "New Insights and New Issues in Developmental Neurotoxicology". NeuroToxicology, 23 (6): 659-68.

[:2-5] Kiernan, Matthew C., Geoffrey K. Isbister, Cindy S.-Y. Lin, David Burke, and Hugh Bostock (2005) "Acute Tetrodotoxin-induced Neurotoxicity after Ingestion of Puffer Fish". Annals of Neurology, 57 (3): 339-48.

[6] Lidsky, Theodore I. (2003) "Lead Neurotoxicity in Children: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Correlates". Brain. 126 (1): 5-19. Online.

[:3-7] Heaton, Marieta Barrow, J. Jean Mitchell, and Michael Paiva (2000) "Amelioration of Ethanol-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Neonatal Rat Central Nervous System by Antioxidant Therapy". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24 (4): 512-18.

[:4-8] Choi, Dennis W (1987) "Ionic Dependence of Glutamate Neurotoxicity". The Journal of Neuroscience, 7 (2): 369-79.

[9] Zhang, J., V. Dawson, T. Dawson, and S. Snyder (1994) "Nitric Oxide Activation of Poly(ADP-ribose) Synthetase in Neurotoxicity". Science, 263 (5147): 687-89.

[:5-10] Rosales, Raymond L., Kimiyoshi Arimura, Satoshi Takenaga, and Mitsuhiro Osame (1996) "Extrafusal and Intrafusal Muscle Effects in Experimental Botulinum Toxin-A Injection". Muscle & Nerve, 19 (4): 488-96.

[:6-11] Simpson, L. L. (1986) "Molecular Pharmacology of Botulinum Toxin and Tetanus Toxin". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 26 (1): 427-53.

[:7-12] Arnon, Stephen S., Robert Schechter, Thomas V. Inglesby, Donald A. Henderson, John G. Bartlett, Michael S. Ascher, Edward Eitzen, Anne D. Fine, Jerome Hauer, Marcelle Layton, Scott Lillibridge, Michael T. Osterholm, Tara O'Toole, Gerald Parker, Trish M. Perl, Philip K. Russell, David L. Swerdlow y Kevin Tonat (2001) "Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon". The Journal of the Americal Medical Association, 285 (8): 1059-069.

[13] Dikranian, K (2001) "Apoptosis in the in Vivo Mammalian Forebrain". Neurobiology of Disease, 8 (3): 359-79.

[14] Jevtovic-Todorovic, Vesna, Richard E. Hartman, Yukitoshi Izumi, Nicholas D. Benshoff, Krikor Dikranian, Charles F. Zorumski, John W. Olney y David F. Wozniak (2003) "Early Exposure to Common Anesthetic Agents Causes Widespread Neurodegeneration in the Developing Rat Brain and Persistent Learning Deficits". The Journal of Neuroscience, 23 (3): 876-82.

[15] Nadler, J. Victor, Bruce W. Perry y Carl W. Cotman (1978) "Intraventricular Kainic Acid Preferentially Destroys Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells". Nature, 271 (5646): 676-77.

[:8-16] Thyagarajan, B., N. Krivitskaya, J. G. Potian, K. Hognason, C. C. Garcia y J. J. McArdle (2009) "Capsaicin Protects Mouse Neuromuscular Junctions from the Neuroparalytic Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin A". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 331 (2): 361-71.

[:29-17] Takadera, Tsuneo, Risa Suzuki y Tetsuro Mohri (1990 "Protection by Ethanol of Cortical Neurons from N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced Neurotoxicity Is Associated with Blocking Calcium Influx". Brain Research, 537(1-2): 109-14.

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